Global culture officials are meeting to discuss how to recover ancient treasures which they say have been stolen and displayed overseas.

Twenty countries are represented at the two-day conference in Cairo.

It has been organised by Egypt’s Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA), which wants many pharaonic items returned by Western museums.

The SCA said the forum would discuss “the protection and restitution of cultural heritage.”

Representatives include cultural officials from Greece, Italy, China and Peru — all of which have lost ancient artefacts over the centuries which that they now want back.

Greece has long demanded that the Parthenon Marbles should be given back by the British Museum, while Peru is taking legal action to try to reclaim Inca treasures from Yale University in the United States

Stolen artefacts

Strategies under discussion at the conference include drawing up a single list of unique items to be returned to their countries of origin.

Representatives are also considering calling on the United Nations cultural body, Unesco, to amend a convention banning export and ownership of antiquities stolen after 1970 — so that they can pursue items that were snatched earlier, says the BBC’s Yolande Knell in Cairo.

In recent years, the Egyptian authorities have stepped up their efforts to recover stolen artefacts, with the head of the SCA, Zahi Hawass, attracting international attention for his efforts.

Last year, he broke off ties with the Louvre museum until France returned fragments chipped from a wall painting in an ancient Egyptian tomb.

“We are the country with the loudest voice on this issue and have so far had returned about 5,000 artefacts,” he said at the conference.

“We want to know how we can learn from each other, we need to co-operate to come up with one wish-list and fight until we return those artefacts back.”

He has repeatedly asked for the Rosetta Stone — which has been kept in the British Museum for more than 200 years — and a 3,400-year-old bust of Queen Nefertiti on display in Berlin, to be given back to Egypt.

Source: BBC News (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8606458.stm)

In 2008, an ancient Egyptian coffin in a shipping crate raised the suspicions of a customs agent at the Miami, Florida, airport.  For the past two years, the ornate sarcophagus has been at the heart of an international mystery and investigation. The ancient artifact was returned to Egyptian possession Wednesday.

The painted wooden coffin, in the shape of an Egyptian man in a state of repose, took center stage at the National Geographic Society Wednesday, quite literally.

The empty 3,000-year-old sarcophagus was at the center of a transfer ceremony as U.S. officials handed over the apparently smuggled artifact to Egypt’s chief of antiquities.

John Morton is the Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security for U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, or ICE.  His agency is tasked with seizing and investigating illegally imported art and antiquities.

“The case of this particular sarcophagus sounds like an international tale of intrigue that is worthy of a novel.  It involved the sale by a Spanish art gallery of a large wooden sarcophagus that was allegedly found in Europe or Egypt — the particular finder was never quite sure — some time around 1970,” he said.

But the latest chapter of this 3,000 year-old-tale begins with a customs agent’s inkling in 2008 at the Miami airport.

U.S. Customs and Border Protection Agricultural Specialist Herbert Kercado was checking the crate for the usual concerns, such as beetles that can bore holes in wood.  But what caught his eye was the documents — or the lack of documents — that he felt should accompany a crate carrying a sarcophagus. “How come a sarcophagus was down and through Miami without any documents from the Egyptian government allowing that shipment to come in all the way to Miami?,” he said.

He informed Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and Morton said one of its special agents launched an international investigation. “That led us to Spain, Italy, to Egypt.  That involved Egyptologists, that involved Interpol, that involved the Egyptian government both here in the US and in Cairo,” he said.

The investigation into the shadowy world of antiquities smuggling raised as many questions as it answered. “We learned that the alleged provenance on this particular sarcophagus was not real.  The alleged collection from which it came did not exist.  The Egyptians had never authorized the export of this particular sarcophagus whenever in fact it was exported, and who knows when that truly was,” he said.

Morton said the records of acquisition in Europe either did not exist, or were questionable, so the U.S. government seized the coffin.  U.S. officials then demonstrated in federal court that neither the shipper nor the U.S. buyer had legal claim to the ancient artifact, and the coffin was forfeited to the United States.

Secretary General of the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities Zahi Hawass praised the United States for its efforts. “I say this everywhere — the country that helped us a lot until now in the return of stolen artifacts is the United States,” he said.

Hawass said Egyptian and U.S. officials had been in almost daily contact in a bid to return the sarcophagus to its rightful owners — and to unravel the mystery of just who used to be inside this coffin adorned with colorful painted figures. “He seems to be an important man.  Why?  The coffin is beautiful. Beautifully decorated, has beautiful scenes.  There is no one who is not important who could make a coffin like this,” he said.

Hawass, a famed archaeologist and Egyptologist, said the man’s name is Imhesy.  He said the coffin dates to back to the 21st Dynasty, right after the end of the New Kingdom and the golden age of Egypt. “People can think that the best moment in the life of an archaeologist is actually to discover something, but for me, the best thing is to return something to Egypt,” Hawass said.

Hawass has spearheaded efforts to reclaim smuggled and stolen goods, and he has overseen the return of some 31,000 objects to Egypt since 2002.

As for this coffin, it will go on display in Cairo April 7. Hawass says it will ultimately be exhibited at a museum that is under construction in the Red Sea resort town of Sharm el-Sheikh.

Source: Voice of America (http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/north/US-Returns-Ancient-Sarcophagus-to-Egypt-87292657.html)

Archaeologists have unearthed the intact sarcophagus of Egypt’s Queen Behenu inside her 4,000-year-old burial chamber near her pyramid in Saqqara, chief archaeologist Zahi Hawass announced Wednesday.

The Old Kingdom queen’s chamber was badly damaged except for two inner walls covered with spells meant to help her travel to the afterlife, he said in a statement.

Ancient Egyptians believed that the souls of royalty could fly to heaven, or alternatively use stairs, ramps and ladders with the help of religious spells.

Such engraved spells, known as Pyramids Texts, were common in royal tombs during the 5th and 6th Dynasties, Hawass said.

“Pyramid Texts were first discovered inside the burial chamber of King Unas’s pyramid at Saqqara, the last king of the 5th Dynasty,” he added.

The well-known necropolis of Saqqara, 30 km (20 miles) south of Cairo, served the nearby city of Memphis and was scoured in ancient times by thieves.

The 5th Dynasty is generally understood to have lasted from 2465 to 2323 BC, while the 6th Dynasty ran from 2323 to 2150 BC. The Old Kingdom collapsed soon after, amid famine and social upheaval and a breakdown in centralized power.

Philippe Collombert, who headed the French mission that excavated Behenu’s remains, said the team found her sarcophagus within the sprawling necropolis of Pepi I at Saqqara.

“It is a well-preserved granite sarcophagus engraved with the queen’s different titles, but says nothing about the identity of her husband,” Collombert said.

Archaeologists are unsure whether Behenu was the wife of Pepi I or Pepi II, both 6th Dynasty rulers.

Behenu’s 25-meter-long pyramid was discovered in 2007 along with seven queen pyramids belonging to Inenek, Nubunet, Meretites II, Ankhespepy III, Miha, and an unidentified queen.

The state news agency MENA also reported Wednesday that Egypt had received 25,000 artifacts from London, some of which have been on display in the British Museum for more than a century. It said the artifacts would be stored in a museum in Egypt, but did not specify whether they had been sent to Egypt permanently, or on loan.

Source: Reuters (http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6223MQ20100303)

A colossal red granite head of one of Egypt’s most famous pharaohs has been unearthed in the southern city of Luxor, officials said.

The 3,000-year-old head of Amenhotep III — grandfather of Tutankhamun — was dug out of the ruins of the pharaoh’s mortuary temple.

Experts say it is the best preserved example of the king’s face ever found.

The 2.5m (8ft) head is part of a larger statue, most of which was found several years ago.

Antiquities officials say the statue is to be reconstructed.

“Other statues have always had something broken — the tip of the nose, or the face is eroded,” said Dr Hourig Sourouzian, who has led the Egyptian-European expedition at the site.

“But here, from the top of the crown to the chin, it is so beautifully carved and polished, nothing is broken.”

Vast empire

Egypt’s antiquities chief, Zahi Hawass, described it as “a masterpiece of highly artistic quality”.

Amenhotep III ruled Egypt from about 1387 to 1348 BC and presided over a vast empire stretching from Nubia in the south to Syria in the north.

Scientists using DNA tests and CT scans on several mummies have identified him as the grandfather of Tutankhamun — the boy-king born of an incestuous marriage between Akhenaten and his sister, both the offspring of Amenhotep III.

The massive mortuary temple in Luxor was largely destroyed, possibly by floods, and little remains of its walls.

Source: BBC (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8542337.stm)